RESULTS: We recognized olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, medial and lateral olfactory striae, olfactory trigone, anterior perforated substance and piriform lobe on transverse, sagittal and coronal sections respectively. CONCLUSION: The olfactory bulb and olfactory tract lay tightly on the ethmoidal cribriform plate and jugum sphenoidale , in the olfactory cistern of the shallow part of the olfactory sulcus, the ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus inferiorly.. 
In addition we encountered a few calbindin-positive horizontal cells in the internal plexiform layer extending their axons toward the lateral olfactory tract, one of which was confirmed to extend its axon into the lateral olfactory tract, indicating that they were presumed to be one of projection neurons.
We report an EVN arising from the right frontal lobe near the olfactory tract in a 34-year-old male with worsening chronic epilepsy.
Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) allows in vivo mapping of functional neuronal connections in the brain, including the olfactory tract.
This review paper browses pros and cons of the different radiological modalities for imaging the olfactory tract and highlights the potential benefits and limitation of more recent advances in MR and CT technology.
The changes in protein expression associated with this maturation were investigated in lateral olfactory tract axons using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
We present a case of proboscis lateralis in a 2-year-old girl with associated ipsilateral sinonasal aplasia, orbital cyst, absent olfactory bulb and olfactory tract.
The association fibre (AF) pathway was sensitive to muscarinic modulation, whereas the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) fibre pathway was not.
CONCLUSIONS: Although pterional approach to anterior communicating artery is relatively low traumatic to olfactory tract, the subarachnoid hemorrhage may have an unfavorable effect on postoperative olfactory nerve functioning.
The pattern of accumulation of the intranasally administered label in the olfactory tract and olfactory bulb proves CNTF transportation along these structures of the nervous system. Therefore, when intranasally administered, CNTFs are able to transport to the central nervous system along the olfactory tract and to enhance the expression of nerve growth factor mRNA in hemorrhagic stroke..
Aflatoxin B1 and probably trichothecenes are transported along the olfactory tract to the temporal lobe.
The tumor, which was grayish white with glistening appearance and rubbery consistency, was traced to the proximal part of left olfactory tract.
The POA originates at the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery, runs along the olfactory tract anteriorly toward the crista galli, and forms an acute angle with the distal anterior cerebral artery.
Further, it is proposed that the lateral olfactory tract in teleosts, which supplies most of the olfactory fibers to Dp, is not homologous to the same-named tract in the inverted forebrains of most other vertebrates..
The lesions consisted of glial cell aggregates and perivascular cuffing throughout the olfactory tract and pyriform cortex. JEV antigens were detected in the cytoplasm and neuronal processes of small nerve cells in the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb, in the neuronal processes of the olfactory tract and in the cytoplasm of neurons in the pyriform cortex.
Drug concentrations in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and six different regions of the brain, i.e., olfactory bulb (OB), olfactory tract (OT), anterior (CB1), middle (CB2), posterior (CB3) cerebrum, and cerebellum (CL) were analyzed by LC/MS method after solid phase extraction. The intranasal administration into one nostril (left or right) exhibited markedly greater hexarelin concentrations in olfactory bulb and olfactory tract on the treated-side of brain tissues than those on the non-treated-side of the brain hemisphere.
Olfactory bulb, olfactory tract/tubercle, striatum, cerebellum, rest of brain (188)W levels paralleled blood (188)W concentrations at approximately 2-3% of measured blood levels.
The olfactory bulb ends with the olfactory tract and is closely related to the olfactory sulcus of the frontal lobe.
Carisbamate (100-400 micromol x L(-1)) also selectively depressed lateral olfactory tract-afferent evoked excitatory synaptic transmission (opposed by picrotoxin), consistent with activation of a presynaptic Cl(-) conductance.
Comparing enhancement time courses after intranasal injection with intravenous infusion of MnCl(2) in rats, the early enhancements in the pituitary gland (Pit) and hippocampus indicate the contrasts in those regions in the olfactory tract-tracing experiment were caused by such systemic effects.
We found CTB-labeled cell bodies in several forebrain sites including the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the rostral portion of the medial amygdala (MeA) and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
Stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract induces a monosynaptic response that progressively decreases in amplitude from lateral to medial. Optical and electrophysiological recordings of the signals evoked by stimulation of the olfactory tract during arterial perfusion with the voltage-sensitive dye di-2-ANEPEQ confirmed the pattern of distribution of the mono and disynaptic responses in the OT.
The CoA is connected with the accessory olfactory nucleus, the piriform, the endopiriform and the orbitofrontal cortices while the MeA exhibited connections with the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the perirhinal and the insular cortices.
The vascular territory of the chinchilla's middle cerebral artery included, in the cerebral hemisphere basis, the lateral cerebral fossa, the caudal third of the olfactory trigone, the rostral two-thirds of the piriform lobe, the lateral olfactory tract, and most of the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere, except for a strip between the cerebral longitudinal fissure and the vallecula, which extended from the rostral to the caudal poles bordering the cerebral transverse fissure..
Drug concentrations in the plasma and six different regions of the brain tissues, i.e., olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, anterior, middle, and posterior segments of cerebrum and cerebellum were analyzed by LC/MS method after solid phase extraction.
Electrical stimulation of mitral cell axons in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) resulted in excitation of pyramidal cells (PCs), which was followed approximately 10 ms later by inhibition that was highly reproducible between trials in its onset time.
Distinct CART- or NPY-containing fibers were seen in the medial olfactory tract.
Single units in the mitral cell body layer (MCL) and external plexiform layer (EPL) were identified by antidromic activation from the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), electrode track reconstructions based on dye marking, and the waveform of LOT-evoked field potentials.
The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) in the adult rat is organized into external (ECL) and internal (ICL) cellular layers separated by the lateral olfactory tract (LOT).
The piriform cortex (PC) is the primary terminal zone of projections from the olfactory bulb, termed the lateral olfactory tract (LOT).
It comprises sensory neurons in the epithelium of the vomeronasal organ, whose axons form the vomeronasal nerve projecting to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), which in turn projects to the vomeronasal amygdala through the accessory olfactory tract. Each mitral cell sends multiple axonal branches, generally through both dorsal and ventral portions of the accessory olfactory tract.
C-RFa immunoreactive fibers and nerve endings were present in the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, area dorsalis telencephali pars centralis and medialis, area ventralis telencephali, midbrain tegmentum, diencephalon, medulla oblongata and pituitary.
To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the lateral olfactory tract-evoked field potential that represents the granule cell response to mitral cell activation and its plasticity in parasagittal slices of the AOB.
A typical example of the neurons that adopt this migration mode is guidepost neurons in the lateral olfactory tract designated as lot cells. These neurons are generated from the neocortical neuroepithelium and migrate tangentially down to the ventral edge of the neocortex abutting the ganglionic eminence, on which the future lateral olfactory tract develops.
OBJECTIVE: Using an image analysis system to determine whether there is loss of axons in the olfactory tract (OT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
The lateral olfactory tract is also very immature at birth with pioneer axons having penetrated only the most rostral portion of the piriform lobe.
The most extreme example was the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), which seemed to be devoid of double-labeled fibers despite high densities of 5-HT fibers and VGLUT3-positive fibers.
RESULTS: These techniques demonstrated manganese-enhanced signal changes in axonal projections of the olfactory tract and decreased axonal transport rates in rodent models of aging and AD.
These results suggested that most olfactory cisterns are spacious with relatively independent blood supply, and it is reasonable to separate the olfactory tract with its independent blood supply from the frontal lobe by 1-2 cm in the subfrontal approach, the pterional approach, or anterior interhemispheric approach. However, in the minority of cases, separation of the olfactory tract is not safe because of the anterior origin of the olfactory arteries or segmental blood supply.
The vascular territory of the pampas fox middle cerebral artery included the lateral cerebral fossa, the lateral third of the olfactory trigone, the two rostral thirds of the piriform lobe, the lateral olfactory tract and most of the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere, except for the more rostromedial areas of the frontal lobe bordering the endomarginal sulcus in the parietal and occipital lobes as well as the transverse fissure at the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere..
Change in intensity over time was plotted for the olfactory bulb and anterior and posterior olfactory tract. Results indicated age-related decreases in axonal transport rate and bulk transport of material in the olfactory tract of living rat brains.
The SIT is associated with the integrity of ventral frontal regions, but it is also affected by distributed damage, although the contribution of undetected olfactory tract or bulb damage could not be ruled out.
GAL-immunoreactive fibers were identified in the medial nucleus, "bed nucleus" of the accessory olfactory tract, fiontal cortical nucleus, amygdalo-hippocampal area and basolateral nucleus.
Semaphorin7A (Sema7A), the only glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored semaphorin, promotes axon growth in vitro and is required for the proper growth of the mouse lateral olfactory tract in vivo.
A similar pattern was also observed in NPY-containing fibers of the medial olfactory tract (MOT) and pituitary.
While both inputs clearly converge in areas classically considered olfactory-recipient (nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, and cortex-amygdala transition zone) or vomeronasal-recipient (ventral anterior amygdala, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, and anteroventral medial amygdaloid nucleus), segregation is virtually complete at posterior levels such as the posteromedial and posterolateral cortical amygdalae.
Five areas of the olfactory pathway were examined by immunolabelling for alpha-synuclein - a major component of Lewy pathology: the olfactory tract/bulb (n = 79), the anterior olfactory nucleus in the lateral olfactory gyrus (n = 193), the region of olfactory projection to the orbito-frontal cortex (n = 225), the hippocampus (n = 236) and the amygdala (n = 201).
Volumetric measurements of the individual nuclei in the amygdala (CA) of the rabbit reveal poor development of the basolateral (BL) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) and medial (ME) nuclei.
The effect of adenosine on the fEPSP was examined in the lateral olfactory tract (Ia input) and associative tract (Ib input) of the rat piriform cortex.
Increased CRF immunoreactivity was also detected in swollen axons in subcortical white matter, caudate nucleus and lateral olfactory tract of the ipsilateral hemisphere, consistent with the failure of axonal transport.
The uptake of BN by amygdale, hippocampus and olfactory tract was detected by both cameras.
Injections of dextran-amines, Fluoro Gold, cholera toxin-B subunit and Fast Blue were delivered to the anterior and posterior accessory olfactory bulb, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, dorsal anterior amygdala and bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract/anteroventral medial amygdaloid nucleus. We have demonstrated that, apart from common vomeronasal-recipient areas, only the anterior accessory olfactory bulb projects to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posteromedial part, and only the posterior accessory olfactory bulb projects to the dorsal anterior amygdala and deep cell layers of the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract and the anteroventral medial amygdaloid nucleus.
Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A; also known as CD108), which is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored semaphorin, promotes axon outgrowth through beta1-integrin receptors and contributes to the formation of the lateral olfactory tract.
Model compartments included the olfactory mucosa (OM), olfactory bulb, olfactory tract and tubercle, and striatum.
The development of olfactory bulb projections that form the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) is still poorly understood.
Field potentials were recorded from layer II of piriform cortex pyramidal cells following stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and computed tomography cisternography revealed almost hypoplastic olfactory bulb with an ill-defined olfactory tract and sulci, supporting the clinical diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome..
RESULTS: Via this approach, cranial nerves from the olfactory tract to the acousticofacial bundle are exposed.
Stimulation of the anterior dorsal thalamus generated a pattern of activity comparable to olfactory evoked potentials, but it became similar to stimulation of the optic nerve or brainstem after bilateral lesion of the lateral olfactory tract, which interrupted the antidromic activation of the olfactohabenular tract.
The OBLS is not able to pioneer the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) projection in vivo or when provided control (host) telencephalic territory in an in vitro assay.
Contrary to Archaeopteryx, the shortened olfactory tract and cerebellum overtopping cerebral hemispheres of Conchoraptor resemble conditions in modern birds.
In addition to olfactory tract input, the olfactory bulb also receives and provides input to other brain centers that modify neuronal activity.
In the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the first layer contained only NADPHd-stained axons, in the second layer, there were numerous moderately stained cells, and in the third layer, a few but deeply stained neurons.
Stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) produced a negative field potential in the EPL and a positivity in the GCL.
The axons of these cells projected to either the medial or the lateral olfactory tract and, in general, the location of the cell on the medial or lateral side of the bulb was indicative of the tract to which it would project.
All three agonists reduced the amplitude of the monosynaptic EPSPs generated by stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) or of the association fiber pathway (ASSN).
Field potential laminar profiles were performed with multi-channel probes in the OB following stimulation of both the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the anterior piriform cortex (APC).
We hypothesized that fetal hypoxia-ischemia causes long-lasting and selective olfactory tract injury.
We imaged rats before and after lesion-induced disruption of the lateral olfactory tract to investigate the subsequent recovery and/or reorganization of functional neuronal circuitry.
No sex differences were seen in the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract (BAOT) and the LC.
The olfactory tract was absent and the superficial origins of most of the cranial nerves were not discernible..
Impressive enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity was localized in anterior olfactory nucleus, tenia tecta, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, piriform cortex, lateral and basolateral amygdala, orbital frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (shell) and associated areas of ventral striatum, entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus granule cells and hilar neurons, hippocampal CA subfields and subiculum.
Much less is known about the development and connectivity of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), which is formed by axons of M/T cells connecting the olfactory bulb to central neural regions.
Lateral olfactory tract (LOT) synapses, formed by axons of olfactory bulb (OB) mitral cells and targeting piriform cortex (PC) pyramidal cells, ectopically express galanin in GalOE mice.
During the development of the OB, mitral cells migrate from the ventricular zone to the intermediate zone, where they begin to send axons along the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) to the cortical olfactory zones.
salar, especially in the hypothalamus, olfactory tract, optic tectum and cerebellum.
Several studies using animal models demonstrated that neurotropic viruses belonging to various families invade the brain via the olfactory tract after parenteral infection.
These neurons originate from the ventricular zone of the entire neocortex, tangentially migrate in the surface layer of the neocortex into the ventral direction, align in the future pathway of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and eventually guide the projection of LOT axons.
To functionally characterize the interlaminar synaptic EC circuit entrained the by hippocampal output, we performed simultaneous intracellular recordings and laminar profile analysis in the medial EC (m-EC) of the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain after polysynaptic hippocampal activation by lateral olfactory tract (LOT) stimulation.
Together with previous mRNA data, our observations suggest abundant axoplasmic transport and secretion in pathways such as the retino-collicular tract, the entorhino-hippocampal ('perforant') path, the lateral olfactory tract or the parallel fiber system of the cerebellum.
Previously, we showed that in the carp olfactory bulb, LTP occurs at the dendrodendritic mitral-to-granule cell synapse following tetanic electrical stimulation applied to the olfactory tract, and suggested that it is involved in the process of olfactory memory formation. The postsynaptic form is evoked at the granule cell dendrite following tetanic olfactory tract stimulation and is suppressed by the NMDA receptor antagonist, D-AP5, enhanced by noradrenaline, and occluded by the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans-ACPD.
Light and electron microscopy of the samples stained with autometallography demonstrated chronological transfer of exposed mercury granules to the olfactory bulb by way of the olfactory tract.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the rat brain shows a prominent localization of palmdelphin in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, septum, indusium griseum, piriform cortex, nucleus supraopticus, and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
In those samples (4 out of 24) where only axons in the lateral bundle of the medial olfactory tract were stained, the majority (50-66%) of olfactory sensory neurons stained were crypt cells situated in the peripheral layer of the olfactory epithelium.
SPM localized significant increases of diffusivity in the region of both olfactory tracts in patients (P < 0.001). Trace (D) cut-off values for the voxel cluster of the olfactory tracts have been calculated from the subjects entered into SPM and applied to a total of 17 different individuals (9 patients with Parkinson's disease, disease duration 3.1 +/- 1.3 years and 8 age-matched healthy subjects). Increased diffusivity in the olfactory tract is in line with the well-established clinical finding of hyposmia in Parkinson's disease.
The characteristic features of guinea pig amygdala (CA), as shown by volumetric comparisons of the individual nuclei, are the poor development of the basolateral (BL) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) nuclei as well as the strong formation of the lateral (LA) and basomedial (BM) nuclei.
The highest density of 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive fibers is observed in the central nucleus, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the paralaminar nucleus, the anterior amygdaloid area and a small region of the amygdalohippocampal area.
The entire amygdaloid complex was outlined and then further partitioned into five reliably defined subdivisions: 1) the lateral nucleus, 2) the basal nucleus, 3) the accessory basal nucleus, 4) the central nucleus, and 5) the remaining nuclei (including anterior cortical, anterior amygdaloid area, periamygdaloid cortex, medial, posterior cortical, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, amygdalohippocampal area, and intercalated nuclei).
However, mice expressed Tac2 mRNA neither in the hippocampus nor in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, in contrast to rats.
Histological results showed an increased density of the myelinated fibers as well as branching of these fibers in the areas studied, including the cortical white matter, olfactory tract, the corticospinal tract, the fasciculus cuneatus and the spinal V nucleus from 2 to 6 months old.
We demonstrate that in BDNF+/- mice, lateral olfactory tract (LOT) synapses exhibit decreased release probability of glutamate, suggested by increased paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), as well as by slower blocking rate of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) by MK-801 in the pyramidal neurons of the piriform cortex.
The nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract could not be definitively identified and the medial nucleus of amygdala appeared to be very small in the echidna.
The arachnoidal dissection should be performed with sharp instruments, avoiding any traction on the posterior portion of the olfactory tract.
Moreover, the (86)Rb and (201)Tl that accumulated in the olfactory bulb were gradually transported to other brain regions of the olfactory tract, the telencephalon and the diencephalon on the side corresponding to the nostril used for administration.
We first report CGRP terminal fields in the olfactory-anterior septal region and also CGRP projections from the parabrachial nuclei to the olfactory-anterior septal region, the medial prefrontal cortex, the interstitial nucleus of the anterior commissure, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the anterior amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, and the dorsolateral part of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus.
High densities of galanin-IR fibers were found in the axonal terminals of the lateral olfactory tract, hippocampal and presumably cerebellar mossy fiber system, in several thalamic and hypothalamic regions and the lower brain stem..
Maximal percentages of stimulation over basal levels were found in the anterior olfactory nucleus and in the lateral olfactory tract nucleus ( approximately 54%).
OBJECTIVE: The preservation of the olfactory tract during bifrontal approach for lesions located in the frontal skull base and the supra- and parasellar region has not previously been investigated. RESULTS: We obtained complete preservation of the olfactory tracts and normal postoperative olfaction in all 12 cases. The shortcoming of this method, damage of the olfactory tracts and postoperative anosmia can be overcome..
Areas with moderate to high levels of GIR include olfactory regions such as the nucleus of olfactory tract, hippocampus, various thalamic nuclei, cortical layers, and some hypothalamic nuclei.
Application of double immunocytochemistry revealed close associations as well as colocalizations of the two peptides in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), olfactory nerve fibers and their terminals in the glomeruli, ganglion cells of nervus terminalis, medial olfactory tract, fibers in the area ventralis telencephali/pars supracommissuralis and cells as well as fibers in the pituitary. Two hours following NPY (20 ng/g body weight) administration, a dramatic increase was observed in the GnRH immunoreactivity in the ORNs, in the fibers of the olfactory bulb (163%) and medial olfactory tract (351%).
In addition, the EphA3 protein was also detected in various other structures, such as the lateral olfactory tract, anterior commissure, and corpus callosum, suggesting the possibility that EphA3 might regulate the formation of various neuronal networks in the developing brain, including the TC projection and the commissural fibers..
METHOD: To measure the olfactory nerves, the olfactory bulb, and olfactory tract on 16 adult cadaveric specimens, and observe the relation of the olfactory nerves, the optic nerve,and the nasal sinuses. RESULT: Length of the olfactory tract was (29.32 +/- 2.11) mm, width of the olfactory tract was (3.36 +/- 0.83) mm. The distance from the midpoint of the olfactory tract to the midline of the skull was (5.48 +/- 1.02) mm. The angle between olfactory tract and midline of the skull was (21.32 +/- 3.28) degrees. 27/32 olfactory tracts were border upon with sphenoid sinus and ethmoid sinus, 3/32 olfactory tracts were border upon with ethmoid sinus, 2/32 olfactory tracts were border upon with frontal sinus. All olfactory tracts crossed the optic nerve at the internal meatus of optic nerve canal. CONCLUSION: Almost all olfactory tracts were lied in the inboard of the orbital cavity, protect the roof of the nasal sinus to avoid damnify the olfactory nerves.
For example, granule cell-mediated inhibition following electrical stimulations to the lateral olfactory tract is robust during the first postnatal week, and then decreases abruptly after the second week.
There were significant differences between passive vs trained groups, but not regarding untrained rats, in the lateral olfactory tract, dentate gyrus, CA3 area, ventromedial hypothalamic, lateral hypothalamus, preoptic medial, frontal cortex (2), granular retrosplenial cortex (2), entorhinal cortex (1 and 2), piriform cortex, and substantia nigra.
Specifically, structures that were not previously considered to be developmentally linked, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and the lateral, basolateral, and basomedial nuclei, all appear to have a common requirement for Pax6.
It was found that: (1) the dendrodendritic mitral-to-granule cell synapses showed three types of plasticity after tetanic electrical stimulation applied to the olfactory tract-long-term potentiation (potentiation lasting >1 h), short-term potentiation (potentiation lasting <1 h) and post-tetanic potentiation (potentiation lasting <10 min); (2) Long-term potentiation was generally induced when both the dendrodendritic mitral-to-granule cell synapses and centrifugal fiber-to-granule cell synapses were repeatedly and simultaneously activated; (3) long-term enhancement (>1 h) of the odor-evoked bulbar response accompanied the electrically-induced LTP, and; (4) repeated olfactory stimulation enhanced dendrodendritic mitral-to-granule cell transmission.
This study was carried out to investigate the transient ischemia-induced changes of neurofilament 200 kDa (NF-200) immunoreactivity and protein content in the gerbil lateral olfactory tract (LOT) after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia.
The goal of this study was to describe the sources of blood supply to the proximal olfactory tract and the macroscopic distribution of these vessels. The vessels running along the olfactory tract posteriorly and anteriorly on its inferior and superior surface were observed.
The characteristic features of the common shrew amygdala (CA), as shown by volumetric comparisons of the individual nuclei, are the poor development of the lateral (LA) and basomedial (BM) nuclei as well as the particularly strong formation of the basolateral (BL) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) nuclei.
Viral transfer from blood to the CNS through the olfactory tract has been suggested.
Odor-induced cortical activation, which primarily originated in layer II, appeared in a narrow band beneath the rhinal sulcus over the lateral olfactory tract, corresponding to the dorsal part of the anterior piriform cortex.
In addition to afferents from the nucleus sphericus, the olfactostriatum receives inputs from the dorsal and lateral cortices, nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, external and dorsolateral amygdalae, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, ventral tegmental area and raphe nuclei.
Significant transport of Mn2+ was observed in olfactory structures ipsilateral to site of Mn2+ administration including the bulb, lateral olfactory tract (lo) by 12 h and in the tubercle, piriform cortex, ventral pallidum, amygdala, and in smaller structures such as the anterior commissure after 24 h post-administration.
We therefore followed the postnatal localization of CNR/Pcdh alpha protein in major axonal tracts, such as the internal capsule, lateral olfactory tract, and optic nerve, and found that its axonal localization was dramatically lost in parallel with the increased expression of myelin markers.
We recently demonstrated that following repetitive stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) at 2-8 Hz, a delayed response (onset at circa 60 ms) was evoked in the caudal portion of the EC, identified as medial EC, that does not receive a direct olfactory input.
High densities of galanin-IR fibers were found in the axonal terminals of the lateral olfactory tract, the hippocampal and presumably the cerebellar mossy fibers system, in several thalamic and hypothalamic regions and the lower brain stem.
During development, olfactory bulb axons navigate a complex microenvironment composed of myriad molecules to construct a bundle called the lateral olfactory tract. In the present study, we produced and characterized six monoclonal antibodies that label the lateral olfactory tract and its surroundings in a unique pattern. The labeling profiles suggested that the antigen molecules recognized by each antibody are heterogeneously distributed around the developing lateral olfactory tract. The systematic screening successfully identified specific cDNA clones for all of the monoclonal antibodies, which highly probably coded for the antigen molecules, and therefore unveiled the molecular nature of local components that embrace the developing lateral olfactory tract in mice..
Seven of them, including two patients with Kallmann syndrome, exhibited abnormality of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory sulcus, or rectus gyrus, with some variation among patients in type and degree of abnormality.
Anosmia or lesions of the olfactory tract, medial amygdala, and areas of the hypothalamus will stimulate virgin females to display maternal behavior rapidly, but little is known of the effect of these lesions in primigravid rats.
The projection neurons in the olfactory bulb (mitral and tufted cells) send axons through the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) onto several structures of the olfactory cortex.
The results showed important connections with the main olfactory bulb, via the lateral olfactory tract.
To understand the role of olfaction in learning and memory, the distribution and propagation of olfactory tract-driven activity in the parahippocampal region needs to be characterized. We recently demonstrated that repetitive stimulation of the olfactory tract in the isolated guinea pig brain preparation induces an early direct activation of the rostrolateral entorhinal region followed by a delayed response in the medial entorhinal cortex (EC), preceded by the interposed activation of the hippocampus. In the present study we performed a detailed topographic analysis of both the early and the delayed entorhinal responses induced by patterned stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract in the isolated guinea pig brain.
In contrast to the cadherin-1 and cadherin-2 expression, cadherin-4 is not found in the olfactory epithelium, but it is detected in the larval and adult olfactory bulb, in the olfactory tract, and its targets in the telencephalon.
Here, we show that in the absence of the LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) gene Lhx2, a particular amygdaloid nucleus, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (nLOT), is selectively disrupted.
These cells expressed immunoreactivities to calretinin and the lot-1 antigen which has been shown to be involved in guidance of the developing lateral olfactory tract. These results suggest that, in the development of the stria terminalis, the axonal outgrowth is guided by a mechanism similar to that of the developing lateral olfactory tract, a major amygdalopetal connection..
Here we describe olfactory bulb axons chronologically arranged in the lateral olfactory tract. This special assembly of the axons explains the nontopographic relationships between the olfactory bulb and the lateral olfactory tract axons that have been described in previous studies and could possibly influence the subsequent selection of the olfactory target areas by these axons..
The precise origin of these tumors is not well understood, but the tumor in this case probably arose from the fila olfactoria, because the olfactory bulb was involved in the tumor, whereas the olfactory tract remained intact..
Fluoro-Jade staining following WDIA+H injury revealed damage to fibers in the optic tract, lateral olfactory tract, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, caudate-putamen, brain stem, and cerebellum.
In Experiment 1, the effects of total ablation of the telencephalon and a section of the olfactory tract (OlT) were examined.
As an initial step towards understanding the odor processing functions of these secondary olfactory structures, we recorded evoked field potentials in response to lateral olfactory tract stimulation in vivo in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats in the following brain structures: anterior olfactory nucleus, ventral and dorsal tenia tecta, olfactory tubercle, anterior and posterior piriform cortex, the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, and lateral entorhinal cortex.
A group of rats was trained to discriminate between a patterned electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract, used as an artificial cue, associated with a water reward, and a natural odor associated with a flash of light.
The efferent connections of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) were examined in the rat with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) technique.
OBJECTIVE: In order to provide morphological evidences for olfactory defect cased by olfactory bulb, olfactory tract ischemia, the origins, numbers, distributions and pathological changes about olfactory bulb, olfactory tract arteries were studied. METHOD: The distributions and pathological changes of olfactory bulb, olfactory tract arteries in 80 sides of adult brain specimens were observed with operation microscope, among which the nourishing arteries and nerve of olfactory tract in two sides aged from 60 to 70 were observed pathohistologically. RESULT: The blood supply of olfactory bulb, olfactory tract comes mainly form artery cerebral and posterior communicainy. 25.0% of the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract artery were blocked or narrow, and pathological changes in olfactory nerve such as atrophy were observed.
In older embryos, the expression is restricted to the dorsal root and cranial ganglia, neural tube and olfactory tract.
Lateral olfactory tract (LOT)-evoked responses were recorded in rat aPCX coronal slices.
In the rhinocephalon structures (olfactory bulb, olfactory tract) the concentration of glutamate was measured.
The objective of this study was to determine whether iron, like manganese, is transported to the rat brain via the olfactory tract following inhalation exposure. Hence iron, unlike manganese, is not readily transported to the brain via the olfactory tract..
The bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract (BAOT) is a sexually dimorphic structure which controls the inhibition/disinhibition of the medial preoptic area in the expression of maternal behavior.
Isolated perfusion of slices with medium containing "dysfunctins" led to irreversible suppression of the amplitude of individual components of focal potentials induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract.
The OFA always arose from the A2 segment, was consistently the smallest branch, and coursed to the gyrus rectus, olfactory tract, and olfactory bulb.
The two oscillations were differently affected by surgical interruption of the lateral olfactory tract.
We investigated the presence of nitric oxide in the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract (BAOT) in males, diestrous females and estrous females using NADPH-diaphorase.
At postnatal day 5-6 (P5-P6), the first CNPase(+) profiles appeared in the dorsal lateral olfactory tract adjacent to the accessory OB (AOB), followed by rare cell bodies and processes in AOB internal plexiform layer at P7.
We performed an electrophysiological and imaging study of the propagation pattern of the olfactory input carried by the fibres that form the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) into the parahippocampal region of the in vitro isolated guinea pig preparation.
The labeled pathways include, among others, the lateral olfactory tract, the entorhinohippocampal (perforant) pathway, the retroflex bundle, and the stria terminalis.
We point out that the anatomical data suggest that the medial and lateral divisions of EC are separate, and recent studies of the propagation of signals originating in the lateral olfactory tract and perirhinal cortex to the EC [ J.
The olfactory tract in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is divided into three distinct bundles: the lateral tract (LOT) and the lateral (lMOT) and medial (mMOT) bundles of the medial tract. The role of the medial olfactory tract (lMOT and mMOT) in reproductive behavior is still under debate. In the present experiment, male reproductive behavior towards prostaglandin-injected females was investigated before and after cutting off the different olfactory tract bundles, to determine which of the tract bundles is essential for mediating reproductive behavior in male crucian carp.
The nucleus of lateral olfactory tract showed moderate signal intensity; other parts of the forebrain, mesencephalon and brain stem only revealed a very weak level of CTGF mRNA expression.
The lateral olfactory tract extends into the basal telencephalon and its development is supported by the existence of pre-existing routes and several attractive or repulsive factors.
The projection of the neurons categorized as type II was determined by antidromic activation of their axons by electrical stimulation applied to the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract.
the lateral olfactory tract, olfactory and temporal limb of the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, stria terminalis, globus pallidus, fornix, mammillothalamic tract, solitary tract, and spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve.
There were moderate-to-heavy intra-amygdaloid projections terminating in the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the central division of the medial nucleus, and the sulcal division of the periamygdaloid cortex.
Shock stimulation of afferent fibers (lateral olfactory tract) and association/commissural fibers evoked field potentials in aPCX that were analyzed across groups and between ages.
This is best understood by dividing the organ into three parts: the olfactory tract, olfactory bulb, and olfactory nerves in the nasal mucosa. The olfactory tract and bulb were supplied by an arteriole from the anterior cerebral artery on each side.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of (3S)-7-chloro-3-[ 2-((1R)-1-carboxyethoxy)-4-aminomethylphenyl]aminocarbonylmethyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[ c,d]indole-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (SM-31900), an antagonist with high selectivity and affinity for the NMDA receptor glycine-binding site, on the cerebral infarct volume in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model, which was constructed by electrocoagulation of a unilateral middle cerebral artery distal to the olfactory tract using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).
In all these experiments, animals were trained to discriminate among an artificial cue, a patterned electrical stimulation distributed to the lateral olfactory tract associated with a water reward, and a natural odor associated with a flash of light. Monosynaptic field potential responses evoked by single electrical stimuli to the lateral olfactory tract were recorded in the ipsilateral piriform cortex before and just after each training session. Monosynaptic field and polysynaptic field potentials evoked by single electrical stimuli applied respectively to the lateral perforant pathway and lateral olfactory tract were also recorded in ipsilateral dentate gyrus.
Mitral cells were stained retrogradely by tracer injection into the lateral olfactory tract and by local injection into the bulb.
The efferent projections of the marmoset bulb are organised entirely ipsilaterally and are established via a rudimentary medial olfactory tract and the dominant lateral olfactory tract.
The response pattern evoked by stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract was utilized to identify the lateral (l-EC) and medial (m-EC) entorhinal cortex.
Enhanced expression of HMGN3 was observed in the lateral olfactory tract, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, internal capsule, fornix, stria medullans, optic tract, and axon bundles.
The development of olfactory bulb projections that form the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) is still poorly understood.
Macroscopically, the left olfactory tract appeared to be substantially diminished in volume, whereas the right olfactory tract could not be identified within the markedly fibrotic leptomeninges in the fronto-orbital region. Postmortem MRI examination of the brain demonstrated superficial defects in the fronto-orbital cortex on the right side, corresponding to the region of the atrophic olfactory tract. Microscopic examination revealed degenerative changes with reactive gliosis and a large amount of corpora amylacea most pronounced in the right olfactory tract.
Instead, the results of this semi-quantitative study of 30 autopsy cases with incidental Lewy body pathology indicate that PD in the brain commences with the formation of the very first immunoreactive Lewy neurites and Lewy bodies in non-catecholaminergic neurons of the dorsal glossopharyngeus-vagus complex, in projection neurons of the intermediate reticular zone, and in specific nerve cell types of the gain setting system (coeruleus-subcoeruleus complex, caudal raphe nuclei, gigantocellular reticular nucleus), olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, and/or anterior olfactory nucleus in the absence of nigral involvement.
In those preparations, where staining of the tract was restricted to axons of the medial part of the medial olfactory tract, the majority (86-98%) of the somata of the sensory neurons were found in the deep layers of olfactory epithelium. Since the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediates alarm behaviour in the crucian carp, we conclude that the sensory neurons with long dendrites participate in the reception of alarm pheromones..
The bifrontal craniotomy approach used to be associated with a high percentage of olfactory tract damage. We support the idea that bilateral subfrontal craniotomy allows a wide operative exposure as well as the complete anatomic and functional preservation of the olfactory tracts bilaterally..
WGA protein was further conveyed via the lateral olfactory tract to the olfactory cortical areas including the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex.
Among patients with IA, the depth of the olfactory sulcus differed significantly between those with and those without visible olfactory tracts. CONCLUSION: The depth of the olfactory sulcus at the level of the PPTE reflects the presence of olfactory tracts. The presence or absence of the olfactory tract may therefore have some association with cortical growth of the olfactory sulcus region.
In the rabbit the highest acetylcholinesterase activity is found in the basolateral nucleus and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
This report represents the first documented case of septo-optic dysplasia with associated hypoplasia of the olfactory tract. Septo-optic dysplasia in association with olfactory tract and bulb hypoplasia has not been reported previously..
Using conditioned rats who had learnt to avoid repellent (cycloheximide) solution by olfaction, varying degrees of injuries were made to the lateral olfactory tract, a major central olfactory pathway connecting the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex.
A collection of 125 PHAL experiments in the rat has been analyzed to characterize the organization of projections from each amygdalar cell group (except the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract) to the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, which surround the crossing of the anterior commissure.
In vertebrates, Slit causes chemorepulsion of embryonic olfactory tract, spinal motor, hippocampal and retinal ganglion cell axons. Since Slits are expressed in the septum and floor plate during the period when these tissues cause chemorepulsion of olfactory tract and spinal motor axons respectively, it has been proposed that Slits function as guidance cues. We find that the addition of soluble Robo/Fc has no effect on chemorepulsion of olfactory tract and spinal motor axons when co-cultured with septum or floor plate respectively. Thus, we conclude that although Slits are expressed in the septum and floor plate, their proteins do not contribute to the major chemorepulsive activities emanating from these tissues which cause repulsion of olfactory tract and spinal motor axons..
The olfactory tract-to-plasma benzoylecgonine AUC ratios after intranasal administration were significantly higher than those after iv dosing up to 120 min following dosing.
In preparations where only the secondary neurons of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) were stained, the majority (76%) of sensory neurons had cell bodies in the intermediate layer of the olfactory epithelium.
Experiments were performed to investigate which bundle of the olfactory tract was essential for mediating feeding behaviour in crucian carp. Fish were divided in three groups: control fish, fish with only the lateral olfactory tracts (LOTs) intact and fish with the LOTs cut. Those fish that had the LOT cut but the medial and lateral parts of the medial olfactory tract (mMOT, lMOT) intact had significantly lower feeding-related scores than the other two groups of fish.
In agreement with this, TAG-1 protein was overexpressed in the major fibre tracts arising from these structures, including the corpus callosum, anterior and hippocampal commissures and lateral olfactory tract.
MHV OBLV has little direct effect on the olfactory epithelium, but causes extensive spongiotic degeneration and destruction of mitral cells and interneurons in the olfactory bulb such that the axonal projection from the bulb via the lateral olfactory tract is markedly reduced.
In addition, immunohistochemical data revealed expression of R-cadherin protein and N-cadherin protein in the neuropil of many brain regions as well as in the axons that travel in fiber tracts such as the olfactory tract, the anterior commissure, the corpus callosum, the stria terminalis and the fornix.
Strong immunoreactivity for mGluR3 was found in the cerebral cortex, striatum, dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, olfactory tubercle, lateral septal nucleus, lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei, and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
The proximal right anterior cerebral artery (ACA) had an extremely long anteroinferomedial course along the ipsilateral olfactory tract, made a hairpin turn posterosuperiorly, and became a normal distal ACA.
The projections of the BLA are totally different from those of the Ce as they terminate in the dorsal striatum, the accumbens nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of olfactory tract and the rostral pole of the cingulate/frontal cortex.
Electrical stimulation at 200 Hz applied to the lateral olfactory tract provides a substitute for the normal background activity emanating from the bulb and enables the generation of oscillatory responses once again.
Properly set stimulation intensity of the lateral olfactory tract resets ISs exclusively (and not before) 4-10 s (5.6 +/- 2.0 s; mean +/- SD) after a preceding spontaneous spike.
Inhibited milt volume in olfactory tract lesioned (OTL) males exposed to the steroid sulphate fraction and 17alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one supports the concept that the pheromonally induced priming effect in male fish is mediated through olfactory pathways..
Electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (5-6 stimuli at 10 Hz) that evoked granule cell feedback inhibition, blocked 60-100% of the odour-evoked [ Ca2+] transient in tufts when delivered within about 0.5 s of the odour.
In addition, Nr-CAM is found in crossing fiber pathways, including the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and posterior commissure, and in nondecussating pathways, such as the lateral olfactory tract and the habenulointerpeduncular tract.
The radial cell migration in the LCS supplied cells to the ventro-lateral neocortex, pyriform cortex and to the level of the lateral olfactory tract.
The amygdalo-piriform transition area also projects moderately to other amygdaloid nuclei, including the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the anterior cortical nucleus, and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
During development, mitral cells, the major output neurons of the olfactory bulb, project their axons caudolaterally into the telencephalon and form the lateral olfactory tract (LOT).
Magnetic resonance imaging indicated aplasia of the left olfactory tract and bulb, whereas the right-sided structures appeared to be normal.
Retrograde tracings revealed that tasseled cells, in addition to mitral/tufted cells, projected their axons to the lateral olfactory tract, indicating that there were two parallel projection systems in the shrew MOB, which might interact with each other via various types of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons.
Although there were thick fascicles of immunoreactive fibers in the medial olfactory tracts (MOT), the lateral olfactory tracts were generally devoid of immunoreactivity. Immunoreactive fibers in the medial olfactory tract penetrated into the telencephalon from its rostral pole and entered into the area ventralis telencephali/pars ventralis where the compact fiber bundles loosen somewhat and course dorsocaudally into the area ventralis telencephali/pars supracommissuralis just above the anterior commissure. Isolated immunoreactive fibers of the medial olfactory tract were traced laterally into the area dorsalis telencephali/pars lateralis ventralis and mediodorsally into the area dorsalis telencephali/pars medialis.
Labeling was also found in extrahypothalamic structures such as the piriform cortex, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the central grey matter, the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the entorhinal cortex, the dentate gyrus and the Ammon's horn.
Strong p38 immunoreactivity was apparent in fiber bundles including the olfactory tract, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, cingulum, internal capsule, stria terminalis, fimbria and alveus hippocampi, fornix, stria medullaris, optic chiasm and optic tract.
The content of neurons double-labeled for D1/D2 receptors was observed at in differing intensities in the dorsal endopiroform nucleus, the intercalated nucleus of amygdala, the anterior part of the cortical nucleus amygdala, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the piriform cortex, the parabrachial nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus and the parabigeminal nucleus.
In most of the regions inside the blood-brain barrier [ paraventricular nucleus (PVN), piriform cortex, lateral olfactory tract (LOT), and lateral preoptic area (LPO)], AT(1) receptor binding (sensitive to CV-11974) was significantly higher in TG compared with SD.
Cell and nuclear sizes of neurones in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the medial habenular nucleus (MHB) were measured from neurones identified by in situ hybridization histochemistry for beta(III)-tubulin mRNA, and measurements were made from OT and AVP magnocellular neurones in the SON after phenotypic identification by immunohistochemistry.
Dye injections into the glomerular layer labeled the lateral olfactory tract. Vice versa, dye injections into the lateral olfactory tract made mitral cells and their glomerular branching patterns visible.
After axotomy of olfactory nerves and lateral olfactory tractotomy, fishes were anosmic for seven to ten days. Following replacement of sensory cells in the epithelium, and after regeneration of olfactory tract fibres a full functional recovery i.e. After three surgical modifications of the olfactory bulbs' position, (i) crossing olfactory tracts and bulbs, (ii) crossing tracts and turning bulbs, and (iii) turning bulbs upside down, a full functional recovery was recorded for amino-acid discrimination in a similar concentration.
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